Asynchronous Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Protocol Effects on Adolescent Athletes’ Cognitive Appraisals and Recovery-Stress States

This study examined the effect of an asynchronous heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BFBasync) protocol on national-level adolescent swimmers’ cognitive appraisals and recovery-stress states during a six-week ecological training period. A polynomial mixed-effects multilevel regression analysis approach was used with 27 swimmers randomly assigned to intervention group (n = 14) control 13). Six waves assessments were completed six weeks preparation in conditions. The results revealed that HRV-BFBasync significantly predicts lower levels biopsychosocial stress stress. However, no significant effects found for recovery scales perceived control. suggested total states, sport-specific stress, evolutions are function time third-degree interactions HRV-BFB protocol. Overall, this leads athletes experience periodization. Our also suggest induces complex over but does not have predictive